Category: Growth & Operating Insights

Becoming dispensable

Becoming dispensable

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On a recent RECODE/DECODE podcast where Kara Swisher interviews Frances Frei, the SVP of Leadership & Strategy at Uber. Frances is a renowned leadership coach with a special skill at turnarounds and an unparalleled optimism and belief in an individual’s redemption potential and trajectory.

In the podcast Kara and Frances cover Frances’ 3 key to modern leadership:

1) Making others better as a result of your presence. This is usually a “catch-all” line, but the impact needs to be internalized: are you as a leader actively focused on improving those around you?

2) Having strong performance outlast your presence. Replace yourselves as quickly as possible. Leadership is about a leader serving their team and creating a condition for them to thrive with a goal to become replaceable as soon as possible. Having this leadership goal implies the leader is confident there is another role for them in this organization or another one.

3) People feel your high standards and your devotion to them. Communicate this through asking questions and digging deep.

The one that stood out to me the most is item #2:. Younger professionals that rise to the executive ranks earlier than they expected tend to have a problem with becoming dispensable. A natural tendency is to retain information, become important to many stages of the company and not lose the opportunity to give input for what each group is doing.

I fell for this mind trap when Choose Energy was growing but I was lucky in that Kerry Cooper was my CEO giving me strong advice how to combat the problem. Similar to what Frances Frei says, Kerry’s coaching was persistent in that successful leadership was creating a structure that would thrive beyond my presence. It took me a while but ultimately through improved corporate communications, better delegating and transparent KPIs, we created a structure that was successful independent of our cumulative influence.

Saying thanks

Saying thanks

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Over the course of 4-5 years with a start-up, I got a first-row seat into the ups and downs of scaling a company. One of my main takeaways was that you have to enjoy the journey. If you only seek the destination you won’t last the trip.

And to enjoy the trip you have to work with people who make the miles a bit more enjoyable. You don’t have to like them and hang out on the weekends, but you have to respect them. Respect their perspective, their experience, and their contribution. Respect enables trust and trust is a prerequisite for a healthy and long-standing relationship.

During my tenure I worked with some world-class professionals. In some cases our trust was more or less immediate (out of necessity!) and in others, it took a few crucible events to crystallize our bond. While there are too many names to write down, I do want to acknowledge the significant positive impact a few individuals had on me during the process:

Kevin Stevens & Jonathan Crowder: My “go-to” team from Dallas. No job was too complex or big for these men. They taught themselves operational finance, product management and the essential of programming. Whenever we were busy I knew they could pick up the slack. And when times were tough, they knew how to strategically engage and re-position the argument to identify channels for growth. Big things ahead for them as they take on the Texas market.

Kerry Cooper: Kerry brought institutional leadership when we needed it most. She brought excellence in hiring, in thinking about the customer, and in establishing operational procedures & OKRs. At the respective moments, most of those traditional managerial were relatively new to me. In addition to management lessons, I also learned from Kerry how to engage a mentor network, voice my opinion more effectively and to be willing to have an open and honest debate and feedback. I was lucky that her experience from Levi’s, Walmart, and ModCloth brought valuable lessons to my career.

Jay Webster: Early on Jay gave me the flexibility to explore growth, taught me how to simplify strategy and most importantly how to execute.  Within my first few weeks I was stunned at how much accomplished rolling out to new markets and testing new partnerships. I also appreciate his lessons from many start-ups on how to better pitch VCs and how to engage a board room. Finally, I still marvel at how he could perfectly match interpersonal strength with candid feedback – truly an exceptional leader.

Ethan Wais: My first hire who was always the smartest guy in the room. He saw the future faster than most and worked on timelines faster than most. His insatiable appetite for knowledge and identifying alpha showed me the true ethos of the Bay Area and how the area truly does attract the best talent.

Simona Golebiowska, Leo vonP, Lindsay Hoffman: The can-do team that executed within every role the company needed – and those needs changed quickly! We moved quickly, tried everything and enjoyed the failures and successes. Each brought curiosity and can-do attitude to every growth and operations problem and I loved those days knowing that no mater what came up, this team could handle the attempt. Most individuals cannot match a start-ups fluid needs and this team (and others) handled every turn and speed.

Sai, Jake & Jeff & other eng team: The evolving engineering team had great leaders throughout (Paul Butler, Chris Hanson) and at the end Sai, Jeff & Jake brought all of our various projects and products together. If the first few years were about getting the infrastructure in place, the final 12 months were about increasing monetization. The team’s need in the final 12 months to understand the infrastructure while building applications and products to accentuate growth was stunning. One of my biggest regrets will be not knowing what else this engineering team could have done with another 12-24 months of runway.

Mike Rudolph & Erica Hennes: The marketing team that got it. Over budgets weren’t huge but Mike’s experience and Erica’s hustle seemed to accomplish every task. With Mike and Erica running the marketing group, we had immediate transparency, clear product requirements and a strong backbone to ensure the company was being truthful on expectations. Mike’s direct method of communication and ability to orchestrate multiple campaigns while still diving into the numbers and understand data analytics (with thanks to Michael Michonski!) was exceptional.

David Yi: Epic part time CFO. David taught me a lot about business economics, how to better understand the LTV / CAC trade-offs, how to manage capital raises and how to better manage both being acquired and getting acquired. Every start-up needs a David and we were lucky to have him.

Robin Swanson: The backbone of the Dallas office and a constant reminder to place the customer first. Robin was tireless in her work ensuring our day to day operations remained strong and was the big smile we all needed.

5 M&A Insights from the Choose Energy sale

5 M&A Insights from the Choose Energy sale

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As I wrote about last week, Choose Energy was sold earlier this year. Beginning in 2015, Choose Energy had multiple casual M&A discussions. But, we did not formally engage until we knew we were ready as a company.

With a few months delay giving me a bit of clarity, I wanted to share some advice / insights that stand out to me about the process and how to prepare for our own deal:

  1. M&A is hard. Very, very hard. Finding the right buyer, at the right price at the perfect time in their strategic initiative game plan is rare. Choose was lucky in that the company had inbound interest. And even then, not easy. (Jason Lemkin at SAASTR has documented just how hard this can be for companies with ARR type revenue and how they should aim to sell at local maximums.)
  2. A clear internal deal champion at the acquirer is required. And you need that individual and their team to have a clear path to continued success after the deal.
  3. Deal fatigue is real. – for both sides. I have raised Series B & Series C capital from a combination of strategic and VCs. Those processes are time consuming. M&A is double or triple that. Have a great team in place, hire great advisors and have an experienced CFO. (We were lucky to have David Yi, a serial KPCB CFO) The amount of work is unexpected, even for someone like me that expected it. To get through it you really do need to create a bond with the acquiring team and “gang up” on the advisers. Part of their job is to be fall guy so the buyer & seller can rally around a common enemy 🙂
  4. Be prepared for regulatory requirements. For companies in the energy & industrials space that capture proprietary data and engage with federal and state level regulatory bodies, be prepared! Good process as you grow the company saves you from some major headaches down the line as lawyers dig through diligence and process documentation. Again, hire a great CFO, even part-time.
  5. Enjoy the ride. There is something very odd about the completion of a sale. You go from being independent and controlling the asset to suddenly having a disbanded board and an entirely new organization structure, reporting structure and incentive structure. Even if your acquirer provides barely any oversight post acquisition, there is still a mental change. For me, this was one of the oddest feelings… and I liked our acquiring team! Enjoy those last few months of corporate independence.

Once a deal is complete there is an entirely new set of issues to address around corporate communications for employees, customers, service providers, and regulatory agencies. I will write about that experience in the coming weeks.

If you enjoy this, please share!

Choose Energy is acquired, hat tip to Jerry Dyess

Choose Energy is acquired, hat tip to Jerry Dyess

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Last month Choose Energy was sold to RedVentures.

I joined Choose Energy as the Director of BD in June 2012 in coordination with the Series A investment from Kleiner Perkins. I was the third employee and first non-engineer. The range of highs and lows we experienced as we grew the company from under half a million in annual revenue to over $10M in ARR were dramatic. There were many unique components to the CE growth that I am look forward to diving into over the next few months. But now that the deal is done and public and was successful from both a financial and educational perspective, there is one major thank you I need to give:

Thanks you, Jerry. Jerry Dyess is the Founder & CEO of Choose Energy. At first glance Jerry doesn’t “match” the Silicon Valley CEO fit. And frankly, early on in his tenure at Choose, he didn’t. Based in Plano, Texas with Louisiana heritage Jerry (admittedly) never felt totally comfortable in a San Francisco board room. Instead of board discussions he preferred customer conversations, employee engagement and products that drove immediate revenue and feedback. Jerry never explicitly stated this but if I had to summarize four of his main mantras, they would be:

  1. A small company grows into a big company through many small steps
  2. Revenue follows value provided. (A relationship that many SV firms tend to believe is the inverse)
  3. Hire the best people and get out of their way
  4. Stay lean. Excess cash causes problems. See point 1!

With the deal now in the rear-view mirror, what I am most proud about and thankful for is working with Jerry from the first days after the Series A to final day of the sale. Jerry is the consummate entrepreneur and I have no doubt that the ultimate success of Choose Energy was driven primarily by his product vision, his employee and customer empathy, and his market understanding. He transformed as a leader and I am proud to say I worked alongside him as his Chief Revenue Officer in our final year. In today’s transient workforce, I would like to believe that our enduring run at Choose Energy was pretty special.

And I can’t wait to see what he does next.

my lessons from bill campbell

my lessons from bill campbell

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When I began working at Kleiner Perkins I made sure to introduce myself to many of the executive assistants in the office. I knew that I was going to intermittently look foolish and lost in the coming weeks and wanted to learn some of the daily routines and protocols to the extent possible. That openness helped me bridge into some great relationships with men and women I still speak to frequently. One of the early dividends of those relationships came when, working heads down at my desk, Kendall (now at FBN) in her boisterous way introduced me to “Coach”. I was young and hadn’t fully learned the recent history of the Valley quite yet and didn’t know who Bill Campbell was. Yeah, dumb I know.

I ended up speaking to Bill for a few minutes. We spoke about learning from the more established KPCB Partners around me and to do my best to spend time with the founders to expand my horizon into the operational side of the business. He never once mentioned his stature and who he had worked with. So, when the conversation ended and I did the obligatory Google search, my jaw dropped. A Silicon Valley legend, 100% down to earth, connecting, listening to young me. There was nothing of significant value I could have provided Bill in that moment – but he was simply curious about what the youngest looking guy in the building was doing. The curiosity – the curiosity to really meet me (albeit very briefly) made me feel special. I can only imagine how good of a coach he was to those who received hours of his time each month. His combination of grounded personality and curiosity was a real treat.

The one main lesson I took away from this is that if THE Bill Campbell is spending time, slowing down his day, to talk to a young me, then surely we can all take the time to better connect (truly listen and engage!) with those around us. (Oh, and the other lesson is to always befriend executive assistants 🙂 – thanks again, Kendall!)
getting into venture

getting into venture

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Fall 2010

August– Met with Professor Ellen Rudnick about different initiatives at Chicago Booth to promote venture and entrepreneurship. She introduced me to the Chicago Innovation team leaders. Met with the senior leaders there and quickly realized the program was significant more scientific than business model & scaling, where I wanted to focus.

August- Found a way to reach out to nearly every second year student that had some VC exposure and even some recent graduates

September- Met with (now former!) Professor Linda Darragh, who was launching the Impact Investing Summit in Chicago. She was looking to find companies that had both economic and social returns to present to a group of social impact investors. Met and reviewed 20+ companies over 2-3 months and then prepared them for “demo day”. My first real venture and early stage advisory experience. What a THRILL!

November- Applied to Hyde Park Angels and got very lucky to get in in the final spot. During that time it was still run by Ira Weiss (now leading Hyde Park Venture Partners!) and Sam Guren (epic venture investor!). Within months was the head associate for the business services vertical and we were reviewing businesses, meeting with entrepreneurs and analyzing multiple deals every week. Truly an amazing experience that shows an early VC the importance the requirements of vision, analytics, compassion and interpersonal requirements within the VC space.

Silicon Valley Exposure

December- Selected to participate in the Chicago Booth west coast VC trek. This opened my eyes. It was only 3-4 days but it was a magical trip. We met with a dozen venture and start-up firms over 3 days and got an abbreviated insight into the world of VC across multiple different industries and stages of focus. I was beyond hooked… I almost instantly confirmed all my intentions, and knew it was where I wanted to dedicate my career. The combinations of audacious ideas, big bets, the criticality of leadership and teamwork… I loved it.

Day 1: We met with three venture firms and two start-ups….. AirBnB (a month after they closed their Series A) and Optimizely (still pre-seed investment). We were all too focused on the Battery Ventures meeting later in the day to pay attention to the two leaders of these companies trying to tell us to drop out of b-school and join them. Whoops

Day 2: We met with 3-4 more venture firms. One that stood out was Charles Tai from Charles River Associates. He mentioned this report called the “PWC Moneytree Report” and said it listed all the venture firms. I took a mental note. My unstructured and competitive senses simultaneously told me that list was my gameplan.

Day 3: More VC firm meetings. The general theme was “give before you get” and find way to be proactively providing value to the entrepreneurial ecosystem and good things will happen. In a separate meeting another VC told us about how one of his “spray and prey” investments made visual word clouds. Terrible business? Likely. Great way to summarize the data gathering of the trip? Absolutely.

And so, I took my 10+ pages of notes and brought the keywords into the software…and boom… suddenly I had a soft, visually-engaging content way to introduce myself to everyone on the PWC Moneytree Report. Just an icebreaker. And here it is.

January 2011: Reach out to about 80 firms on the PWC 100 list. Found 1-2 partners at each firm where I could make some interpersonal connection. Here are some stats, as I tracked everything in a funnel, like a sales process! (I will be expanding on each stage with some incremental posts but this is the skeleton structure)

Outbounds or Introductions: 110+

Each inbound was light and easy and tried to have a basic connection with the VC based on either their investments overlap in my sector interest or some overlap in their personal interests that were listed on their site or public profiles (Twitter, blogs). I would state my case that I wanted to enter VC and recognized the need to get involved and provide value over the next 24 months of school. I essentially was shopping free help.

It has been well-documented how VCs like to have a set of longitudinal data on an individual for consideration to join the investment team. Mark Suster talks about this with his hires. He needs to see multiple years of data points and experiences to understand the candidate’s performance over time and their general responsiveness to all types of life issues. I couldn’t agree more with the importance of following an “individual’s trend”. Consider these outbounds as merely day 1 of a multi-year process to a formal job in VC. Having an online presence helps share some of your earlier data points, so continue to contribute your interests and general thought processes and action items, when applicable.

Reply engagements & communications: 70

There is conventional wisdom that most VC firms do not hire associates or interns. Many of my initial feedback emails from VCs were quick notes saying as such. But, maintaining a cheery attitude and willingness despite there being no job at the end of the experience is still a great way to keep the conversation flowing. In fact, both places that I ultimately received a job offer from had never had an associate before.

In these meetings I would indicate my area of focus and how I believed my sector interests, perspectives, and growing network (and huste!!) would be a complementary value to the VC firm. And with that background I would offer to be helpful in ANY way. I would always prepare (an hour + for each call) about the person and their investments. I would come with an idea to provide value to them and a specific portfolio company or two. And would always offer to do more for a potential next call.

One of the biggest surprises here was who responded. Very big name VCs would engage or pass me along to a partner in the fund after a few sentences appreciating the word cloud. Amidst all of the “we are not hiring” emails or non-responses seeing how very senior and reputable VCs treated me well when they didn’t know me yet was a nice touch of class and inspiration.

If I was paying it forward they were paying it backward.

Follow-up meetings (in-person or with more materials): 25

These were some pretty in-depth meetings where I would do whatever I had previously offered and then a boatload more. I was of the mindset that I was a free agent and with every meeting I was leveraging prior meeting intelligence gathered around industry terms and market trends. And with that positive feedback loop my conversations became increasing substantive and resulted in a number of referrals.

For any of these meetings I would say “happy to chat over the phone, or I will be in the SF area next Thursday” and if the VC agreed to meet in person, I would buy a flight that day and try to convince a few others to meet in person at the same time.

Take a meeting with everyone. Your goal is to get smarter with every meeting and to ultimately create a mini echo chamber so that in the off chance two VCs you have spoken with know each other (it is a small world in VC)  you can reference your communal relationship and begin to establish more credibility. And, if you are really providing value to these individuals, that positive contribution will be recognized and communicated as a method of thanks. Again, do this work even if there is not a job at the end of the tunnel with a specific firm. At worst, your learn and gain experience and gain a bigger network!

It was exhausting but a real thrill.

On-site broad partner “discussions” (interviews): 4 

They are never really called interviews but more exposure to other partners in the Fund to see compatibility. In general my approach here was ALWAYS to provide value and assume that they were busy and could look to me to be a mainly independent asset to supplement their work and go target and find industries that they were not fully into yet.

For my interview with the KPCB team I proactively analyzed two to three big industry trends and used an investing framework I was learning in school and from my ongoing meetings. I used those frameworks to assess the industry trends, identify where the best companies would be positioned and went and found a few of them. The goal was to show I already knew what the job was… even though I was (in retrospect) really oblivious.

Job offers: 2!

Both came in March of 2011 so it was a full speed initiative for those four months. And then the real work began!

lessons from business school

lessons from business school

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Lessons from business school

I am doing this with a few years separation so I am sure I am missing some of the intricacies but that should also help keep this more directional. A few background notes:

– I lived in Chicago prior to school, and therefore didn’t live in the “dorms” where many students end up living
– I didn’t go after a traditional on-campus recruiting job
– I prefer to have 1:1 or 1:few in-person meetings versus mass get-togethers and do my best thinking after listening for a while and going off on my own to process and formalize my thought process. I generally hate big room gatherings and the idea of clusters of people

With that, here are my lessons

1) Know your strengths and weaknesses and put yourself in a position to succeed on the job search front. This will mean saying no to many, many things and being patient as many others around you converge towards the latest on-campus event. There will always be something to do and somewhere to be and if you expend your energy in distracting areas, you will naturally reduce your ability to focus on the path of your main target.

2) Expand your reach socially. It is unlikely you will ever be in a place where you will have such an expansive set of stories and experiences from people who have absolutely no similarities to you. Get curious and, if possible, form working groups outside of your comfort zone. Look for social events that are new to you and go on a few trips to different parts of the world with people from the area. Learn from a local – it will make the experience more rewarding. These relationships will help develop your breadth of thought as well as your empathy and fascination towards initially foreign cultures. You will learn new questions to ask and new ways to approach problems and develop solutions.

3) Make friends with the faculty and engage them to uncover their experiences and motivations. Many students forget that our professors are more than just teachers. They have their own careers, their own stories and their own aspirations. This isn’t undergrad – you are more of an adult now and if you can connect with a professor as a professional and not just a teacher, the experience will expand your learning experience dramatically. But don’t do this for the grades – do this if you have genuine curiosity in their story. Professors see hundreds of students a year – they have great BS meters. Any fake intentions will be discovered immediately.

4) Take the best classes you can as early as possible in your 2 year stint. This way you will get access to the best professors early on (see part 3) and you will take those learnings and bring them to other classes within the curriculum and your job search outside of the curriculum. And do well in those classes. In general, this is one of the great parts of Chicago Booth- a supremely flexible curriculum that you can develop to your own aspirations.

5) Forget the hierarchy of first and second year. Everyone is there as a student looking to better themselves. Treat everyone the same: with respect, and continue to give forward any advice you have obtained. The higher your network (friends, school) reaches, the higher you will reach. Give even when there isn’t a certainty of reciprocation. And, this holds true beyond the walls of your b-school: engage with the community and if you are lucky, with other business school students at other schools. Your career is young and paths tend to cross un the unlikeliest of ways.

6) Use your spare time to improve yourself outside of the classroom as well! You wont have two years this “free” for a while… so tackle a new sport, get a pet, try an instrument, learn a new language or cooking technique. Whatever it is, just surprise yourself and go with it.

why business school

why business school

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To most aspiring MBAs, the tradition two year program offers a “reset button” to lateral into an industry outside of the applicants existing career track. And, depending on the target school’s strengths, the majority of applicants are usually aiming for a role within the services, advisory or direct investments field. When looking at the largest employers for the top 10 schools, similar names emerge: large investment banks, large consulting firms, select consumer goods firms and the occasional technology firm.

Most candidates have heard of the prominence and pay upgrades that these careers offer and give up two years of income and shell out around $125,000 for the right to prepare and pivot into one of these industries. Pause for a moment. That is $125,000 in after tax dollars of cost on top of (likely) a few hundred thousand dollars in lost income. So, around a $300,000 investment. Woah.

Everyone has their own unique reason to go to school. Some are even forced to by their firms.

For me, there were three main reasons:
1) The 2007-2009 crash showed me how isolating being strictly a finance professional can be during times of economic underperformance. And those finance professionals that were not balanced with a hint of operations experience and strong networks were the hardest hit. I saw the MBA as a way to expand upon my strong finance base, while simultaneously expanding my network to people in many verticals with many different areas of interest. I recognized that my network within finance was pretty homogenous and I wanted to expand.

2) I had developed the start-ups and growth bug and loved the fact that superior operating advice and financing structure can yield outsized outcomes when paired with the right teams. I knew I was not founder material – as I had way more interest in the strategic levers of growth and the ways to finance different business models to optimize growth & trajectory while limiting the downside. I realized pretty quickly that the start-up market is woefully inefficient as companies balance growth aspirations and capital requirements and my ability to provide insights into growth efficiency from Seed to a growth round was going to be a sustainable differentiator if I could develop those skills.

3) I dedicate 100% of my time to my current efforts. So while many people can spend half-ass a job while they are transitioning, I just don’t have that in my blood. I knew that two dedicated years to developing my skills and network was going to be way more efficient than doing so part-time or outside of my work hours at meet-ups, etc. Quite simply, I forced myself to create time in my calendar and hit a reset button of sorts. May have been an expensive way to do so, but I recognized my weakness.

And so, I took the GMAT (twice) and applied to a couple of schools. I got into Chicago, off the waitlist (woohoo! – found out on the tennis court in Florida, that was nice 🙂 )and from that moment on I started officially expanding upon my career plan that I had detailed in my application essay: to get into the venture industry.

biology to finance

biology to finance

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When I graduated from Duke University I proclaimed to myself that I had taken my last exam. No more studying, ever. And with a degree in Biology and Chemistry, I was making the very logical next step to enter investment banking. It was 2007, finance was still (momentarily) the rage, and ethanol was still slightly the rage and between some midwest connections and the tiniest of Venn diagram overlap between ethanol and my life sciences degrees, UBS Investment Bank deemed I was one of the right candidates for their largest analyst class, ever. In retrospect, that should have been a pretty good indicator to the top of the market / finance bubble. There were not even enough training desks for all of the analysts!

Thankfully by the time I actually got to the Chicago office most of the ethanol deals had gone the way of history and I focused on a mix of M&A and midwest coverage- getting the full spectrum of balance sheet and M&A strategy exposure. At first though, I totally fell on my face. My non-finance background proved a difficult transition into making M&A models, as my other classmates with more of a finance background raced ahead. I likely finished near the back end of my class my first year as an analyst and that was a difficult pill to swallow. But, over the course of that first year I had recognized my deficiencies and sought out some senior associates and directors to provide more direction: I admitted I needed to learn, and hunkered down.

And so, by my 14th month, my skill-level was growing at a near-vertical pace and I was the lead analytical resource in the midst of a 4 month M&A transaction working alongside one of those mentors. The deal had me in the office literally everyday for about 15-18 hours a day – with my curiosity, drive and fellow cubemates all helping me to get better. The hours were tough but it was a forming experience that ultimately earned me respect and a few more deals to learn from before my two years were up. The entire experience of growing professionally whilst outlasting every round of layoffs was a lesson I will never forget and I have some great mentors, friends (and a few grey hairs) to keep those lessons forefront.

And so, when I was looking at what to do next after my two years at UBS, two of the leading Managing Directors in the office went to bat for me and directed me to the XMS Capital team.

With XMS’ much more personal approach to advisory and (at times, co-investing) I was able to experience much greater alignment with the companies – and see to an even greater extent how the combination of relationships and hard word really do drive outsized returns for all parties. I was hooked. I was able to work across many industries: energy, technology, healthcare, retail (i even worked on starting up a music colliseum and surrounding mall). It was a great group of senior leadership at XMS that allowed their junior team to expand their scope – and I credit a lot of my fundamental business model learnings to them allowing junior staff to do much more analysis and engagement with the companies. Combining that enhanced engagement with access to those same leaders (at XMS and at the companies) to answer my myriad of questions and I really was getting a lesson in finance, strategy and growth execution.

And so, with only a year under my belt at XMS I thought I may stay forever but I had a nagging hunch that I needed to solve. More on that and why I chose to go to b-school next.

my ongoing journey

my ongoing journey

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On occasion I get asked how I ended up where I am in my career and how certain transitions of my career transpired. Given I have likely written 20+ iterations of the same email to many inquiring students & mentees, I figure it finally makes sense to put some of those thoughts and tips out here.

Overall, the biggest takeaway to me is how seemingly random events and acquaintances become pivotal. To most people, random means lucky; but I view random as the outcome to a function that somehow multiplies hard work, intelligence & curiosity, giving forward and staying hungry.

Anyways, here we go.